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Administration Guide
====================
The administration guide.
.. todo:: either add a bit more explanation or remove the previous sentence
Terminology
-----------
Backup Content
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When doing deduplication, there are different strategies to get
optimal results in terms of performance and/or deduplication rates.
Depending on the type of data, one can split data into *fixed* or *variable*
sized chunks.
Fixed sized chunking needs almost no CPU performance, and is used to
backup virtual machine images.
Variable sized chunking needs more CPU power, but is essential to get
good deduplication rates for file archives.
The backup server supports both strategies.
File Archives: ``<name>.pxar``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. see https://moinakg.wordpress.com/2013/06/22/high-performance-content-defined-chunking/
A file archive stores a full directory tree. Content is stored using
the :ref:`pxar-format`, split into variable sized chunks. The format
is optimized to achieve good deduplication rates.
Image Archives: ``<name>.img``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is used for virtual machine images and other large binary
data. Content is split into fixed sized chunks.
Binary Data (BLOBs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This type is used to store smaller (< 16MB) binary data such as
configuration files. Larger files should be stored as image archive.
.. caution:: Please do not store all files as BLOBs. Instead, use the
file archive to store whole directory trees.
Catalog File: ``catalog.pcat1``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The catalog file is an index for file archives. It contains
the list of files and is used to speed-up search operations.
The Manifest: ``index.json``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The manifest contains the list of all backup files, their
sizes and checksums. It is used to verify the consistency of a
backup.
Backup Type
~~~~~~~~~~~
The backup server groups backups by *type*, where *type* is one of:
``vm``
This type is used for :term:`virtual machine`\ s. Typically
contains the virtual machine's configuration and an image archive
for each disk.
``ct``
This type is used for :term:`container`\ s. Contains the container's
configuration and a single file archive for the container content.
``host``
This type is used for backups created from within the backed up machine.
Typically this would be a physical host but could also be a virtual machine
or container. Such backups may contain file and image archives, there are no restrictions in this regard.
Backup ID
~~~~~~~~~
An unique ID. Usually the virtual machine or container ID. ``host``
type backups normally use the hostname.
Backup Time
~~~~~~~~~~~
The time when the backup was made.
Backup Group
~~~~~~~~~~~~
The tuple ``<type>/<ID>`` is called a backup group. Such a group
may contain one or more backup snapshots.
Backup Snapshot
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The triplet ``<type>/<ID>/<time>`` is called a backup snapshot. It
uniquely identifies a specific backup within a datastore.
.. code-block:: console
:caption: Backup Snapshot Examples
vm/104/2019-10-09T08:01:06Z
host/elsa/2019-11-08T09:48:14Z
As you can see, the time format is RFC3399_ with Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC_, identified by the trailing *Z*).
:term:`DataStore`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A datastore is a place where backups are stored. The current implementation
uses a directory inside a standard unix file system (``ext4``, ``xfs``
or ``zfs``) to store the backup data.
Datastores are identified by a simple *ID*. You can configure it
when setting up the backup server.
Backup Server Management
------------------------
The command line tool to configure and manage the backup server is called
:command:`proxmox-backup-manager`.
Datastore Configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A :term:`datastore` is a place to store backups. You can configure
multiple datastores. At least one datastore needs to be
configured. The datastore is identified by a simple `name` and points
to a directory.
The following command creates a new datastore called ``store1`` on :file:`/backup/disk1/store1`
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager datastore create store1 /backup/disk1/store1
To list existing datastores run:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager datastore list
┌────────┬──────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
│ name │ path │ comment │
╞════════╪══════════════════════╪═════════════════════════════╡
│ store1 │ /backup/disk1/store1 │ This is my default storage. │
└────────┴──────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
Finally, it is possible to remove the datastore configuration:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager datastore remove store1
.. note:: The above command removes only the datastore configuration. It does
not delete any data from the underlying directory.
File Layout
^^^^^^^^^^^
.. todo:: Add datastore file layout example
User Management
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Proxmox Backup support several authentication realms, and you need to
choose the realm when you add a new user. Possible realms are:
:pam: Linux PAM standard authentication. Use this if you want to
authenticate as Linux system user (Users needs to exist on the
system).
:pbs: Proxmox Backup Server realm. This type stores hashed passwords in
``/etc/proxmox-backup/shadow.json``.
After installation, there is a single user ``root@pam``, which
corresponds to the Unix superuser. You can use the
``proxmox-backup-manager`` command line tool to list or manipulate
users:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user list
┌─────────────┬────────┬────────┬───────────┬──────────┬────────────────┬────────────────────┐
│ userid │ enable │ expire │ firstname │ lastname │ email │ comment │
╞═════════════╪════════╪════════╪═══════════╪══════════╪════════════════╪════════════════════╡
│ root@pam │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ Superuser │
└─────────────┴────────┴────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴────────────────────┘
The superuser has full administration rights on everything, so you
normally want to add other users with less privileges:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user create john@pbs --email john@example.com
The create command lets you specify many option like ``--email`` or
``--password``, but you can update or change any of them using the
update command later:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user update john@pbs --firstname John --lastname Smith
# proxmox-backup-manager user update john@pbs --comment "An example user."
.. todo:: Mention how to set password without passing plaintext password as cli argument.
The resulting use list looks like this:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user list
┌──────────┬────────┬────────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐
│ userid │ enable │ expire │ firstname │ lastname │ email │ comment │
╞══════════╪════════╪════════╪═══════════╪══════════╪══════════════════╪══════════════════╡
│ john@pbs │ 1 │ │ John │ Smith │ john@example.com │ An example user. │
├──────────┼────────┼────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┤
│ root@pam │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ Superuser │
└──────────┴────────┴────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┘
Newly created users do not have an permissions. Please read the next
section to learn how to set access permissions.
If you want to disable an user account, you can do that by setting ``--enable`` to ``0``
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user update john@pbs --enable 0
Or completely remove the users with:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-manager user remove john@pbs
Access Control
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Users do not have any permission by default. Instead you need to
specify what is allowed and what not. You can do this by assigning
roles to users on specific objects like datastores or remotes. The
following roles exist:
**Admin**
The Administrator can do anything.
**Audit**
An Auditor can view things, but is not allowed to change settings.
**NoAccess**
Disable Access - nothing is allowed.
**DatastoreAdmin**
Can do anything on datastores.
**DatastoreAudit**
Can view datastore settings and list content. But
is not allowed to read the actual data.
**DataStoreReader**
Can Inspect datastore content and can do restores.
**DataStoreBackup**
Can backup and restore owned backups.
**DatastorePowerUser**
Can backup, restore, and prune owned backups.
**RemoteAdmin**
Can do anything on remotes.
**RemoteAudit**
Can view remote settings.
**RemoteSyncOperator**
Is allowed to read data from a remote.
Backup Client usage
-------------------
The command line client is called :command:`proxmox-backup-client`.
Respository Locations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The client uses the following notation to specify a datastore repository
on the backup server.
[[username@]server:]datastore
The default value for ``username`` ist ``root``. If no server is specified, the
default is the local host (``localhost``).
You can pass the repository with the ``--repository`` command
line option, or by setting the ``PBS_REPOSITORY`` environment
variable.
Environment Variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``PBS_REPOSITORY``
The default backup repository.
``PBS_PASSWORD``
When set, this value is used for the password required for the
backup server.
``PBS_ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD``
When set, this value is used to access the secret encryption key (if
protected by password).
``PBS_FINGERPRINT`` When set, this value is used to verify the server
certificate (only used if the system CA certificates cannot
validate the certificate).
Output Format
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Most commands support the ``--output-format`` parameter. It accepts
the following values:
:``text``: Text format (default). Structured data is rendered as a table.
:``json``: JSON (single line).
:``json-pretty``: JSON (multiple lines, nicely formatted).
Please use the following environment variables to modify output behavior:
``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_FORMAT``
Defines the default output format.
``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_NO_BORDER``
If set (to any value), do not render table borders.
``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_NO_HEADER``
If set (to any value), do not render table headers.
.. note:: The ``text`` format is designed to be human readable, and
not meant to be parsed by automation tools. Please use the ``json``
format if you need to process the output.
.. _creating-backups:
Creating Backups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This section explains how to create a backup from within the machine. This can
be a physical host, a virtual machine, or a container. Such backups may contain file
and image archives. There are no restrictions in this case.
.. note:: If you want to backup virtual machines or containers on Proxmov VE, see :ref:`pve-integration`.
For the following example you need to have a backup server set up, working
credentials and need to know the repository name.
In the following examples we use ``backup-server:store1``.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client backup root.pxar:/ --repository backup-server:store1
Starting backup: host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z
Client name: elsa
skip mount point: "/boot/efi"
skip mount point: "/dev"
skip mount point: "/run"
skip mount point: "/sys"
Uploaded 12129 chunks in 87 seconds (564 MB/s).
End Time: 2019-12-03T10:36:29+01:00
This will prompt you for a password and then uploads a file archive named
``root.pxar`` containing all the files in the ``/`` directory.
.. Caution:: Please note that the proxmox-backup-client does not
automatically include mount points. Instead, you will see a short
``skip mount point`` notice for each of them. The idea is to
create a separate file archive for each mounted disk. You can
explicitly include them using the ``--include-dev`` option
(i.e. ``--include-dev /boot/efi``). You can use this option
multiple times for each mount point that should be included.
The ``--repository`` option can get quite long and is used by all
commands. You can avoid having to enter this value by setting the
environment variable ``PBS_REPOSITORY``.
.. code-block:: console
# export PBS_REPOSTORY=backup-server:store1
After this you can execute all commands without specifying the ``--repository``
option.
One single backup is allowed to contain more than one archive. For example, if
you want to backup two disks mounted at ``/mmt/disk1`` and ``/mnt/disk2``:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client backup disk1.pxar:/mnt/disk1 disk2.pxar:/mnt/disk2
This creates a backup of both disks.
The backup command takes a list of backup specifications, which
include the archive name on the server, the type of the archive, and the
archive source at the client. The format is:
<archive-name>.<type>:<source-path>
Common types are ``.pxar`` for file archives, and ``.img`` for block
device images. To create a backup of a block device run the following command:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client backup mydata.img:/dev/mylvm/mydata
Excluding files/folders from a backup
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Sometimes it is desired to exclude certain files or folders from a backup archive.
To tell the Proxmox backup client when and how to ignore files and directories,
place a text file called ``.pxarexclude`` in the filesystem hierarchy.
Whenever the backup client encounters such a file in a directory, it interprets
each line as glob match patterns for files and directories that are to be excluded
from the backup.
The file must contain a single glob pattern per line. Empty lines are ignored.
The same is true for lines starting with ``#``, which indicates a comment.
A ``!`` at the beginning of a line reverses the glob match pattern from an exclusion
to an explicit inclusion. This makes it possible to exclude all entries in a
directory except for a few single files/subdirectories.
Lines ending in ``/`` match only on directories.
The directory containing the ``.pxarexclude`` file is considered to be the root of
the given patterns. It is only possible to match files in this directory and its subdirectories.
``\`` is used to escape special glob characters.
``?`` matches any single character.
``*`` matches any character, including an empty string.
``**`` is used to match subdirectories. It can be used to, for example, exclude
all files ending in ``.tmp`` within the directory or subdirectories with the
following pattern ``**/*.tmp``.
``[...]`` matches a single character from any of the provided characters within
the brackets. ``[!...]`` does the complementary and matches any singe character
not contained within the brackets. It is also possible to specify ranges with two
characters separated by ``-``. For example, ``[a-z]`` matches any lowercase
alphabetic character and ``[0-9]`` matches any one single digit.
The order of the glob match patterns defines if a file is included or
excluded, later entries win over previous ones.
This is also true for match patterns encountered deeper down the directory tree,
which can override a previous exclusion.
Be aware that excluded directories will **not** be read by the backup client.
A ``.pxarexclude`` file in a subdirectory will have no effect.
``.pxarexclude`` files are treated as regular files and will be included in the
backup archive.
For example, consider the following directory structure:
.. code-block:: console
# ls -aR folder
folder/:
. .. .pxarexclude subfolder0 subfolder1
folder/subfolder0:
. .. file0 file1 file2 file3 .pxarexclude
folder/subfolder1:
. .. file0 file1 file2 file3
The different ``.pxarexclude`` files contain the following:
.. code-block:: console
# cat folder/.pxarexclude
/subfolder0/file1
/subfolder1/*
!/subfolder1/file2
.. code-block:: console
# cat folder/subfolder0/.pxarexclude
file3
This would exclude ``file1`` and ``file3`` in ``subfolder0`` and all of
``subfolder1`` except ``file2``.
Restoring this backup will result in:
.. code-block:: console
ls -aR restored
restored/:
. .. .pxarexclude subfolder0 subfolder1
restored/subfolder0:
. .. file0 file2 .pxarexclude
restored/subfolder1:
. .. file2
Encryption
^^^^^^^^^^
Proxmox backup supports client side encryption with AES-256 in GCM_
mode. First you need to create an encryption key:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client key create my-backup.key
Encryption Key Password: **************
The key is password protected by default. If you do not need this
extra protection, you can also create it without a password:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client key create /path/to/my-backup.key --kdf none
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client backup etc.pxar:/etc --keyfile /path/to/my-backup.key
Password: *********
Encryption Key Password: **************
...
You can avoid entering the passwords by setting the environment
variables ``PBS_PASSWORD`` and ``PBS_ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD``.
.. todo:: Explain master-key
Restoring Data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The regular creation of backups is a necessary step to avoid data
loss. More important, however, is the restoration. It is good practice to perform
periodic recovery tests to ensure that you can access the data in
case of problems.
First, you need to find the snapshot which you want to restore. The snapshot
command gives a list of all snapshots on the server:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client snapshots
...
host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:30:15Z | 51788646825 | root.pxar catalog.pcat1 index.json
host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z | 51790622048 | root.pxar catalog.pcat1 index.json
...
You can inspect the catalog to find specific files.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client catalog dump host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z
...
d "./root.pxar.didx/etc/cifs-utils"
l "./root.pxar.didx/etc/cifs-utils/idmap-plugin"
d "./root.pxar.didx/etc/console-setup"
...
The restore command lets you restore a single archive from the
backup.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client restore host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z root.pxar /target/path/
To get the contents of any archive you can restore the ``ìndex.json`` file in the
repository and restore it to '-'. This will dump the content to the standard output.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client restore host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z index.json -
Interactive Restores
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If you only want to restore a few individual files, it is often easier
to use the interactive recovery shell.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client catalog shell host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z root.pxar
Starting interactive shell
pxar:/ > ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32
...
The interactive recovery shell is a minimalistic command line interface that
utilizes the metadata stored in the catalog to quickly list, navigate and
search files in a file archive.
To restore files, you can select them individually or match them with a glob
pattern.
Using the catalog for navigation reduces the overhead considerably because only
the catalog needs to be downloaded and, optionally, decrypted.
The actual chunks are only accessed if the metadata in the catalog is not enough
or for the actual restore.
Similar to common UNIX shells ``cd`` and ``ls`` are the commands used to change
working directory and list directory contents in the archive.
``pwd`` shows the full path of the current working directory with respect to the
archive root.
Being able to quickly search the contents of the archive is a often needed feature.
That's where the catalog is most valuable.
For example:
.. code-block:: console
pxar:/ > find etc/ **/*.txt --select
"/etc/X11/rgb.txt"
pxar:/ > list-selected
etc/**/*.txt
pxar:/ > restore-selected /target/path
...
This will find and print all files ending in ``.txt`` located in ``etc/`` or a
subdirectory and add the corresponding pattern to the list for subsequent restores.
``list-selected`` shows these patterns and ``restore-selected`` finally restores
all files in the archive matching the patterns to ``/target/path`` on the local
host. This will scan the whole archive.
With ``restore /target/path`` you can restore the sub-archive given by the current
working directory to the local target path ``/target/path`` on your host.
By additionally passing a glob pattern with ``--pattern <glob>``, the restore is
further limited to files matching the pattern.
For example:
.. code-block:: console
pxar:/ > cd /etc/
pxar:/etc/ > restore /target/ --pattern **/*.conf
...
The above will scan trough all the directories below ``/etc`` and restore all
files ending in ``.conf``.
.. todo:: Explain interactive restore in more detail
Mounting of Archives via FUSE
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :term:`FUSE` implementation for the pxar archive allows you to mount a
file archive as a read-only filesystem to a mountpoint on your host.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client mount host/backup-client/2020-01-29T11:29:22Z root.pxar /mnt
# ls /mnt
bin dev home lib32 libx32 media opt root sbin sys usr
boot etc lib lib64 lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
This allows you to access the full content of the archive in a seamless manner.
.. note:: As the FUSE connection needs to fetch and decrypt chunks from the
backup servers datastore, this can cause some additional network and CPU
load on your host, depending on the operations you perform on the mounted
filesystem.
To unmount the filesystem use the ``umount`` command on the mountpoint:
.. code-block:: console
# umount /mnt
Login and Logout
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The client tool prompts you to enter the logon password as soon as you
want to access the backup server. The server checks your credentials
and responds with a ticket that is valid for two hours. The client
tool automatically stores that ticket and uses it for further requests
to this server.
You can also manually trigger this login/logout using the login and
logout commands:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client login
Password: **********
To remove the ticket, issue a logout:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client logout
Pruning and Removing Backups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can manually delete a backup snapshot using the ``forget``
command:
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client forget <snapshot>
.. caution:: This command removes all archives in this backup
snapshot. They will be inaccessible and unrecoverable.
The manual removal is sometimes required, but normally the prune
command is used to systematically delete older backups. Prune lets
you specify which backup snapshots you want to keep. The
following retention options are available:
``--keep-last <N>``
Keep the last ``<N>`` backup snapshots.
``--keep-hourly <N>``
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` hours. If there is more than one
backup for a single hour, only the latest is kept.
``--keep-daily <N>``
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` days. If there is more than one
backup for a single day, only the latest is kept.
``--keep-weekly <N>``
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` weeks. If there is more than one
backup for a single week, only the latest is kept.
.. note:: Weeks start on Monday and end on Sunday. The software
uses the `ISO week date`_ system and handles weeks at
the end of the year correctly.
``--keep-monthly <N>``
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` months. If there is more than one
backup for a single month, only the latest is kept.
``--keep-yearly <N>``
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` years. If there is more than one
backup for a single year, only the latest is kept.
The retention options are processed in the order given above. Each option
only covers backups within its time period. The next option does not take care
of already covered backups. It will only consider older backups.
For example, the ``--keep-monthly`` option does not consider any backup that is
younger than one month.
.. todo:: check if the previous statement is correct
Unfinished and incomplete backups will be removed by the prune command unless
they are newer than the last successful backup. In this case, the last failed
backup is retained.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client prune <group> --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-monthly 3
You can use the ``--dry-run`` option to test your settings. This only
shows the list of existing snapshots and which action prune would take.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client prune host/elsa --dry-run --keep-daily 1 --keep-weekly 3
retention options: --keep-daily 1 --keep-weekly 3
Testing prune on store "store2" group "host/elsa"
host/elsa/2019-12-04T13:20:37Z keep
host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z remove
host/elsa/2019-11-22T11:54:47Z keep
host/elsa/2019-11-21T12:36:25Z remove
host/elsa/2019-11-10T10:42:20Z keep
.. note:: Neither the ``prune`` command nor the ``forget`` command free space
in the chunk-store. The chunk-store still contains the data blocks. To free
space you need to perform :ref:`garbage-collection`.
.. _garbage-collection:
Garbage Collection
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The ``prune`` command removes only the backup index files, not the data
from the data store. This task is left to the garbage collection
command. It is recommended to carry out garbage collection on a regular basis.
The garbage collection works in two phases. In the first phase, all
data blocks that are still in use are marked. In the second phase,
unused data blocks are removed.
.. note:: This command needs to read all existing backup index files
and touches the complete chunk-store. This can take a long time
depending on the number of chunks and the speed of the underlying
disks.
.. code-block:: console
# proxmox-backup-client garbage-collect
starting garbage collection on store store2
Start GC phase1 (mark used chunks)
Start GC phase2 (sweep unused chunks)
percentage done: 1, chunk count: 219
percentage done: 2, chunk count: 453
...
percentage done: 99, chunk count: 21188
Removed bytes: 411368505
Removed chunks: 203
Original data bytes: 327160886391
Disk bytes: 52767414743 (16 %)
Disk chunks: 21221
Average chunk size: 2486565
TASK OK
.. todo:: howto run garbage-collection at regular intervalls (cron)
.. _pve-integration:
`Proxmox VE`_ integration
-------------------------
.. include:: command-line-tools.rst
.. include:: services.rst
.. include host system admin at the end
.. include:: sysadmin.rst
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