656 lines
32 KiB
ReStructuredText
656 lines
32 KiB
ReStructuredText
Tape Backup
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===========
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Proxmox tape backup provides an easy way to store datastore contents
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to a magnetic tapes. This increases data safety because you get:
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- an additional copy of the data
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- to a different media type (tape)
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- to an additional location (you can move tapes offsite)
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Statistics show that 95% of all restore jobs restores data from the
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last backup. Restore requests further declines the older the data
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gets. Considering this, tape backup may also help to reduce disk
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usage, because you can safely remove data from disk once archived on
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tape. This is especially true if you need to keep data for several
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years.
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Tape backups do not provide random access to the stored data. Instead,
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you need to restore the data to disk before you can access it
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again. Also, if you store your tapes offsite (using some kind of tape
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vaulting service), you need to bring them onsite before you can do any
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restore. So please consider that restores from tapes can take much
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longer than restores from disk.
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Tape Technology Primer
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----------------------
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.. _Linear Tape Open: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open
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As of 2021, the only broadly available tape technology standard is
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`Linear Tape Open`_, and different vendors offers LTO Ultrium tape
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drives, autoloaders and LTO tape cartridges.
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Of cause, there are a few vendor offering proprietary drives with
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slight advantages in performance and capacity, but they have
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significat disadvantages:
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- proprietary (single vendor)
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- a much higher purchase cost
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So we currently do no test such drives.
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In general, LTO tapes offer the following advantages:
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- Durable (30 years)
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- High Capacity (12 TB)
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- Relatively low cost per TB
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- Cold Media
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- Movable (storable inside vault)
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- Multiple vendors (for both media and drives)
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Please note that `Proxmox Backup Server` already stores compressed
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data, so we do not need/use the tape compression feature.
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Supported Hardware
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------------------
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Proxmox Backup Server supports `Linear Tape Open`_ genertion 3
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(LTO3) or later. In general, all SCSI2 tape drives supported by
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the Linux kernel should work.
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Tape changer support is done using the Linux 'mtx' command line
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tool. So any changer devive supported by that tool work work.
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Drive Performance
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Current LTO8 tapes provide read/write speeds up to 360MB/s. Please
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note that it still takes a minimum of 9 hours to completely write or
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read a single tape (even at maximum speed).
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The only way to speed up that data rate is to use more than one
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drive. That way you can run several backup jobs in parallel, or run
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restore jobs while the other dives are used for backups.
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Also consider that you need to read data first from your datastore
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(disk). But a single spinning disk is unable to deliver data at this
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rate. We meassured a maximum rate about 60MB/s to 100MB/s in practive,
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so it takes 33 hours to read 12TB to fill up a LTO8 tape. If you want
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to run your tape at full speed, please make sure that the source
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datastore is able to delive that performance (use SSDs).
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Terminology
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-----------
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:Tape Labels: are used to uniquely indentify a tape. You normally use
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some sticky paper labels and apply them on the front of the
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cartridge. We additionally store the label text magnetically on the
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tape (first file on tape).
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.. _Code 39: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_39
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.. _LTO Ultrium Cartridge Label Specification: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-lto-ultrium-cartridge-label-specification
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.. _LTO Barcode Generator: lto-barcode/index.html
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:Barcodes: are a special form of tape labels, which are electronically
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readable. Most LTO tape robots use an 8 character string encoded as
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`Code 39`_, as definded in the `LTO Ultrium Cartridge Label
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Specification`_.
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You can either bye such barcode labels from your cartidge vendor,
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or print them yourself. You can use our `LTO Barcode Generator`_ App
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for that.
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.. Note:: Physical labels and the associated adhesive shall have an
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environmental performance to match or exceed the environmental
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specifications of the cartridge to which it is applied.
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:Media Pools: A media pool is a logical container for tapes. A backup
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job targets one media pool, so a job only uses tapes from that
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pool. The pool additionally defines how long a backup job can
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append data to tapes (allocation policy) and how long you want to
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keep the data (retention policy).
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:Media Set: A group of continuously written tapes (all from the same
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media pool).
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:Tape drive: The decive used to read and write data to the tape. There
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are standalone drives, but drives often ship within tape libraries.
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:Tape changer: A device which can change the tapes inside a tape drive
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(tape robot). They are usually part of a tape library.
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.. _Tape Library: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_library
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:`Tape library`_: A storage device that contains one or more tape drives,
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a number of slots to hold tape cartridges, a barcode reader to
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identify tape cartridges and an automated method for loading tapes
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(a robot).
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People als call this 'autoloader', 'tape robot' or 'tape jukebox'.
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:Inventory: The inventory stores the list of known tapes (with
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additional status information).
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:Catalog: A media catalog stores information about the media content.
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Tape Quickstart
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---------------
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1. Configure your tape hardware (drives and changers)
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2. Configure one or more media pools
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3. Label your tape cartridges.
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4. Start your first tape backup job ...
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Configuration
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-------------
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Please note that you can configure anything using the graphical user
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interface or the command line interface. Both methods results in the
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same configuration.
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Tape changers
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Tape changers (robots) are part of a `Tape Library`_. You can skip
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this step if you are using a standalone drive.
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Linux is able to auto detect those devices, and you can get a list
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of available devices using::
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# proxmox-tape changer scan
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┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬──────────────┬────────┐
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│ path │ vendor │ model │ serial │
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╞═════════════════════════════╪═════════╪══════════════╪════════╡
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│ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-CC2C52 │ Quantum │ Superloader3 │ CC2C52 │
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└─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴──────────────┴────────┘
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In order to use that device with Proxmox, you need to create a
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configuration entry::
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# proxmox-tape changer create sl3 --path /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-CC2C52
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Where ``sl3`` is an arbitrary name you can choose.
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.. Note:: Please use stable device path names from inside
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``/dev/tape/by-id/``. Names like ``/dev/sg0`` may point to a
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different device after reboot, and that is not what you want.
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You can show the final configuration with::
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# proxmox-tape changer config sl3
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┌──────┬─────────────────────────────┐
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│ Name │ Value │
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╞══════╪═════════════════════════════╡
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│ name │ sl3 │
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├──────┼─────────────────────────────┤
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│ path │ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-CC2C52 │
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└──────┴─────────────────────────────┘
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Or simply list all configured changer devices::
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# proxmox-tape changer list
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┌──────┬─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬──────────────┬────────────┐
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│ name │ path │ vendor │ model │ serial │
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╞══════╪═════════════════════════════╪═════════╪══════════════╪════════════╡
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│ sl3 │ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-CC2C52 │ Quantum │ Superloader3 │ CC2C52 │
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└──────┴─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴──────────────┴────────────┘
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The Vendor, Model and Serial number are auto detected, but only shown
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if the device is online.
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To test your setup, please query the status of the changer device with::
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# proxmox-tape changer status sl3
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┌───────────────┬──────────┬────────────┬─────────────┐
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│ entry-kind │ entry-id │ changer-id │ loaded-slot │
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╞═══════════════╪══════════╪════════════╪═════════════╡
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│ drive │ 0 │ vtape1 │ 1 │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 1 │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 2 │ vtape2 │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ ... │ ... │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 16 │ │ │
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└───────────────┴──────────┴────────────┴─────────────┘
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Tape libraries usually provide some special import/export slots (also
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called "mail slots"). Tapes inside those slots are acessible from
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outside, making it easy to add/remove tapes to/from the library. Those
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tapes are considered to be "offline", so backup jobs will not use
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them. Those special slots are auto-detected and marked as
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``import-export`` slot in the status command.
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It's worth noting that some of the smaller tape libraries don't have
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such slots. While they have something called "Mail Slot", that slot
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is just a way to grab the tape from the gripper. But they are unable
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to hold media while the robot does other things. They also do not
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expose that "Mail Slot" over the SCSI interface, so you wont see them in
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the status output.
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As a workaround, you can mark some of the normal slots as export
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slot. The software treats those slots like real ``import-export``
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slots, and the media inside those slots is considered to be 'offline'
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(not available for backup)::
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# proxmox-tape changer update sl3 --export-slots 15,16
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After that, you can see those artificial ``import-export`` slots in
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the status output::
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# proxmox-tape changer status sl3
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┌───────────────┬──────────┬────────────┬─────────────┐
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│ entry-kind │ entry-id │ changer-id │ loaded-slot │
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╞═══════════════╪══════════╪════════════╪═════════════╡
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│ drive │ 0 │ vtape1 │ 1 │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ import-export │ 15 │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ import-export │ 16 │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 1 │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 2 │ vtape2 │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ ... │ ... │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 14 │ │ │
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└───────────────┴──────────┴────────────┴─────────────┘
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Tape drives
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Linux is able to auto detect tape drives, and you can get a list
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of available tape drives using::
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# proxmox-tape drive scan
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┌────────────────────────────────┬────────┬─────────────┬────────┐
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│ path │ vendor │ model │ serial │
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╞════════════════════════════════╪════════╪═════════════╪════════╡
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│ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-12345-nst │ IBM │ ULT3580-TD4 │ 12345 │
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└────────────────────────────────┴────────┴─────────────┴────────┘
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In order to use that drive with Proxmox, you need to create a
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configuration entry::
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# proxmox-tape drive create mydrive --path /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-12345-nst
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.. Note:: Please use stable device path names from inside
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``/dev/tape/by-id/``. Names like ``/dev/nst0`` may point to a
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different device after reboot, and that is not what you want.
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If you have a tape library, you also need to set the associated
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changer device::
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# proxmox-tape drive update mydrive --changer sl3 --changer-drive-id 0
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The ``--changer-drive-id`` is only necessary if the tape library
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includes more than one drive (The changer status command lists all
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drive IDs).
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You can show the final configuration with::
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# proxmox-tape drive config mydrive
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┌─────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Name │ Value │
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╞═════════╪════════════════════════════════╡
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│ name │ mydrive │
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├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
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│ path │ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-12345-nst │
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├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
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│ changer │ sl3 │
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└─────────┴────────────────────────────────┘
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.. NOTE:: The ``changer-drive-id`` value 0 is not stored in the
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configuration, because that is the default.
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To list all configured drives use::
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# proxmox-tape drive list
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┌──────────┬────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────────┬────────┐
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│ name │ path │ changer │ vendor │ model │ serial │
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╞══════════╪════════════════════════════════╪═════════╪════════╪═════════════╪════════╡
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│ mydrive │ /dev/tape/by-id/scsi-12345-nst │ sl3 │ IBM │ ULT3580-TD4 │ 12345 │
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└──────────┴────────────────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────────┴────────┘
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The Vendor, Model and Serial number are auto detected, but only shown
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if the device is online.
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For testing, you can simply query the drive status with::
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# proxmox-tape status --drive mydrive
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┌───────────┬────────────────────────┐
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│ Name │ Value │
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╞═══════════╪════════════════════════╡
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│ blocksize │ 0 │
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├───────────┼────────────────────────┤
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│ status │ DRIVE_OPEN | IM_REP_EN │
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└───────────┴────────────────────────┘
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.. NOTE:: Blocksize should always be 0 (variable block size
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mode). This is the default anyways.
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Media Pools
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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A media pool is a logical container for tapes. A backup job targets
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one media pool, so a job only uses tapes from that pool.
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.. topic:: Media Set
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A media set is a group of continuously written tapes, used to split
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the larger pool into smaller, restorable units. One or more backup
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jobs write to a media set, producing an ordered group of
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tapes. Media sets are identified by an unique ID. That ID and the
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sequence number is stored on each tape of that set (tape label).
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Media sets are the basic unit for restore tasks, i.e. you need all
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tapes in the set to restore the media set content. Data is fully
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deduplicated inside a media set.
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.. topic:: Media Set Allocation Policy
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The pool additionally defines how long backup jobs can append data
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to a media set. The following settings are possible:
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- Try to use the current media set.
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This setting produce one large media set. While this is very
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space efficient (deduplication, no unused space), it can lead to
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long restore times, because restore jobs needs to read all tapes in the
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set.
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.. NOTE:: Data is fully deduplicated inside a media set. That
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also means that data is randomly distributed over the tapes in
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the set. So even if you restore a single VM, this may have to
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read data from all tapes inside the media set.
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Larger media sets are also more error prone, because a single
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damaged media makes the restore fail.
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Usage scenario: Mostly used with tape libraries, and you manually
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trigger new set creation by running a backup job with the
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``--export`` option.
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.. NOTE:: Retention period starts with the existence of a newer
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media set.
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- Always create a new media set.
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With this setting each backup job creates a new media set. This
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is less space efficient, because the last media from the last set
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may not be fully written, leaving the remaining space unused.
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The advantage is that this procudes media sets of minimal
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size. Small set are easier to handle, you can move sets to an
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off-site vault, and restore is much faster.
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.. NOTE:: Retention period starts with the creation time of the
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media set.
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- Create a new set when the specified Calendar Event triggers.
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.. _systemd.time manpage: https://manpages.debian.org/buster/systemd/systemd.time.7.en.html
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This allows you to specify points in time by using systemd like
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Calendar Event specifications (see `systemd.time manpage`_).
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For example, the value ``weekly`` (or ``Mon *-*-* 00:00:00``)
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will create a new set each week.
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This balances between space efficency and media count.
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.. NOTE:: Retention period starts when the calendar event
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triggers.
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Additionally, the following events may allocate a new media set:
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- Required tape is offline (and you use a tape library).
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- Current set contains damaged of retired tapes.
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- Database consistency errors, e.g. if the inventory does not
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contain required media info, or contain conflicting infos
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(outdated data).
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.. topic:: Retention Policy
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Defines how long we want to keep the data.
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- Always overwrite media.
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- Protect data for the duration specified.
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We use systemd like time spans to specify durations, e.g. ``2
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weeks`` (see `systemd.time manpage`_).
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- Never overwrite data.
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.. NOTE:: FIXME: Add note about global content namespace. (We do not store
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the source datastore, so it is impossible to distinguish
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store1:/vm/100 from store2:/vm/100. Please use different media
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pools if the source is from a different name space)
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The following command creates a new media pool::
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// proxmox-tape pool create <name> --drive <string> [OPTIONS]
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# proxmox-tape pool create daily --drive mydrive
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Additional option can be set later using the update command::
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# proxmox-tape pool update daily --allocation daily --retention 7days
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To list all configured pools use::
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# proxmox-tape pool list
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┌───────┬──────────┬────────────┬───────────┬──────────┐
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│ name │ drive │ allocation │ retention │ template │
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╞═══════╪══════════╪════════════╪═══════════╪══════════╡
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│ daily │ mydrive │ daily │ 7days │ │
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└───────┴──────────┴────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘
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Tape Jobs
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~~~~~~~~~
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Administration
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--------------
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Many sub-command of the ``proxmox-tape`` command line tools take a
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parameter called ``--drive``, which specifies the tape drive you want
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to work on. For convenience, you can set that in an environment
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variable::
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# export PROXMOX_TAPE_DRIVE=mydrive
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You can then omit the ``--drive`` parameter from the command. If the
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drive has an associated changer device, you may also omit the changer
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parameter from commands that needs a changer device, for example::
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# proxmox-tape changer status
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Should displays the changer status of the changer device associated with
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drive ``mydrive``.
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Label Tapes
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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By default, tape cartidges all looks the same, so you need to put a
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label on them for unique identification. So first, put a sticky paper
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label with some human readable text on the cartridge.
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If you use a `Tape Library`_, you should use an 8 character string
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encoded as `Code 39`_, as definded in the `LTO Ultrium Cartridge Label
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Specification`_. You can either bye such barcode labels from your
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cartidge vendor, or print them yourself. You can use our `LTO Barcode
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Generator`_ App for that.
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Next, you need to write that same label text to the tape, so that the
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software can uniquely identify the tape too.
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For a standalone drive, manually insert the new tape cartidge into the
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drive and run::
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# proxmox-tape label --changer-id <label-text> [--pool <pool-name>]
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You may omit the ``--pool`` argument to allow the tape to be used by any pool.
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.. Note:: For safety reasons, this command fails if the tape contain
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any data. If you want to overwrite it anways, erase the tape first.
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You can verify success by reading back the label::
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# proxmox-tape read-label
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┌─────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Name │ Value │
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╞═════════════════╪══════════════════════════════════════╡
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│ changer-id │ vtape1 │
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├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ uuid │ 7f42c4dd-9626-4d89-9f2b-c7bc6da7d533 │
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├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ ctime │ Wed Jan 6 09:07:51 2021 │
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├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ pool │ daily │
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├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ media-set-uuid │ 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 │
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├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ media-set-ctime │ Wed Jan 6 09:07:51 2021 │
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└─────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────┘
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.. NOTE:: The ``media-set-uuid`` using all zeros indicates an empty
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tape (not used by any media set).
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If you have a tape library, apply the sticky barcode label to the tape
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cartridges first. Then load those empty tapes into the library. You
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can then label all unlabeled tapes with a single command::
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# proxmox-tape barcode-label [--pool <pool-name>]
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Run Tape Backups
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To manually run a backup job use::
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# proxmox-tape backup <store> <pool> [OPTIONS]
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The following options are available:
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--eject-media Eject media upon job completion.
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It is normally good practice to eject the tape after use. This unmounts the
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tape from the drive and prevents the tape from getting dirty with dust.
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--export-media-set Export media set upon job completion.
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After a sucessful backup job, this moves all tapes from the used
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media set into import-export slots. The operator can then pick up
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those tapes and move them to a media vault.
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Restore from Tape
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Restore is done at media-set granularity, so you first need to find
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out which media set contains the data you want to restore. This
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information is stored in the media catalog. If you do not have media
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catalogs, you need to restore them first. Please note that you need
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the catalog to find your data, but restoring a complete media-set does
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not need media catalogs.
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The following command shows the media content (from catalog)::
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# proxmox-tape media content
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┌────────────┬──────┬──────────────────────────┬────────┬────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ label-text │ pool │ media-set-name │ seq-nr │ snapshot │ media-set-uuid │
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╞════════════╪══════╪══════════════════════════╪════════╪════════════════════════════════╪══════════════════════════════════════╡
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│ TEST01L8 │ p2 │ Wed Jan 13 13:55:55 2021 │ 0 │ vm/201/2021-01-11T10:43:48Z │ 9da37a55-aac7-4deb-91c6-482b3b675f30 │
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├────────────┼──────┼──────────────────────────┼────────┼────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ ... │ ... │ ... │ ... │ ... │ ... │
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└────────────┴──────┴──────────────────────────┴────────┴────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────┘
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A restore job reads the data from the media set and moves it back to
|
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data disk (datastore)::
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// proxmox-tape restore <media-set-uuid> <datastore>
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# proxmox-tape restore 9da37a55-aac7-4deb-91c6-482b3b675f30 mystore
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Update Inventory
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|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Restore Catalog
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Tape Cleaning
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
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LTO tape drives requires regular cleaning. This is done by loading a
|
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cleaning cartridge into the drive, which is a manual task for
|
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standalone drives.
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For tape libraries, cleaning cartridges are identified using special
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labels starting with letters "CLN". For example, our tape library has a
|
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cleaning cartridge inside slot 3::
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# proxmox-tape changer status sl3
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┌───────────────┬──────────┬────────────┬─────────────┐
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│ entry-kind │ entry-id │ changer-id │ loaded-slot │
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╞═══════════════╪══════════╪════════════╪═════════════╡
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│ drive │ 0 │ vtape1 │ 1 │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 1 │ │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ slot │ 2 │ vtape2 │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
|
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│ slot │ 3 │ CLN001CU │ │
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├───────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼─────────────┤
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│ ... │ ... │ │ │
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└───────────────┴──────────┴────────────┴─────────────┘
|
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|
|
To initiate a cleaning operation simply run::
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|
|
# proxmox-tape clean
|
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|
|
This command does the following:
|
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|
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- find the cleaning tape (in slot 3)
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|
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- unload the current media from the drive (back to slot1)
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- load the cleaning tape into the drive
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- run drive cleaning operation
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|
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- unload the cleaning tape (to slot 3)
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