713 lines
27 KiB
ReStructuredText
713 lines
27 KiB
ReStructuredText
Backup Client Usage
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===================
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The command line client is called :command:`proxmox-backup-client`.
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Repository Locations
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--------------------
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The client uses the following notation to specify a datastore repository
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on the backup server.
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[[username@]server[:port]:]datastore
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The default value for ``username`` ist ``root@pam``. If no server is specified,
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the default is the local host (``localhost``).
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You can specify a port if your backup server is only reachable on a different
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port (e.g. with NAT and port forwarding).
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Note that if the server is an IPv6 address, you have to write it with
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square brackets (e.g. [fe80::01]).
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You can pass the repository with the ``--repository`` command
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line option, or by setting the ``PBS_REPOSITORY`` environment
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variable.
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Here some examples of valid repositories and the real values
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================================ ============ ================== ===========
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Example User Host:Port Datastore
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================================ ============ ================== ===========
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mydatastore ``root@pam`` localhost:8007 mydatastore
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myhostname:mydatastore ``root@pam`` myhostname:8007 mydatastore
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user@pbs@myhostname:mydatastore ``user@pbs`` myhostname:8007 mydatastore
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192.168.55.55:1234:mydatastore ``root@pam`` 192.168.55.55:1234 mydatastore
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[ff80::51]:mydatastore ``root@pam`` [ff80::51]:8007 mydatastore
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[ff80::51]:1234:mydatastore ``root@pam`` [ff80::51]:1234 mydatastore
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================================ ============ ================== ===========
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Environment Variables
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---------------------
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``PBS_REPOSITORY``
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The default backup repository.
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``PBS_PASSWORD``
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When set, this value is used for the password required for the
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backup server.
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``PBS_ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD``
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When set, this value is used to access the secret encryption key (if
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protected by password).
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``PBS_FINGERPRINT`` When set, this value is used to verify the server
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certificate (only used if the system CA certificates cannot
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validate the certificate).
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Output Format
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-------------
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Most commands support the ``--output-format`` parameter. It accepts
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the following values:
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:``text``: Text format (default). Structured data is rendered as a table.
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:``json``: JSON (single line).
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:``json-pretty``: JSON (multiple lines, nicely formatted).
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Please use the following environment variables to modify output behavior:
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``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_FORMAT``
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Defines the default output format.
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``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_NO_BORDER``
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If set (to any value), do not render table borders.
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``PROXMOX_OUTPUT_NO_HEADER``
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If set (to any value), do not render table headers.
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.. note:: The ``text`` format is designed to be human readable, and
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not meant to be parsed by automation tools. Please use the ``json``
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format if you need to process the output.
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.. _creating-backups:
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Creating Backups
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----------------
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This section explains how to create a backup from within the machine. This can
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be a physical host, a virtual machine, or a container. Such backups may contain file
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and image archives. There are no restrictions in this case.
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.. note:: If you want to backup virtual machines or containers on Proxmox VE, see :ref:`pve-integration`.
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For the following example you need to have a backup server set up, working
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credentials and need to know the repository name.
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In the following examples we use ``backup-server:store1``.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client backup root.pxar:/ --repository backup-server:store1
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Starting backup: host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z
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Client name: elsa
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skip mount point: "/boot/efi"
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skip mount point: "/dev"
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skip mount point: "/run"
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skip mount point: "/sys"
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Uploaded 12129 chunks in 87 seconds (564 MB/s).
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End Time: 2019-12-03T10:36:29+01:00
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This will prompt you for a password and then uploads a file archive named
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``root.pxar`` containing all the files in the ``/`` directory.
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.. Caution:: Please note that the proxmox-backup-client does not
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automatically include mount points. Instead, you will see a short
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``skip mount point`` notice for each of them. The idea is to
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create a separate file archive for each mounted disk. You can
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explicitly include them using the ``--include-dev`` option
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(i.e. ``--include-dev /boot/efi``). You can use this option
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multiple times for each mount point that should be included.
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The ``--repository`` option can get quite long and is used by all
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commands. You can avoid having to enter this value by setting the
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environment variable ``PBS_REPOSITORY``. Note that if you would like this to remain set
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over multiple sessions, you should instead add the below line to your
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``.bashrc`` file.
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.. code-block:: console
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# export PBS_REPOSITORY=backup-server:store1
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After this you can execute all commands without specifying the ``--repository``
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option.
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One single backup is allowed to contain more than one archive. For example, if
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you want to backup two disks mounted at ``/mmt/disk1`` and ``/mnt/disk2``:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client backup disk1.pxar:/mnt/disk1 disk2.pxar:/mnt/disk2
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This creates a backup of both disks.
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The backup command takes a list of backup specifications, which
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include the archive name on the server, the type of the archive, and the
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archive source at the client. The format is:
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<archive-name>.<type>:<source-path>
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Common types are ``.pxar`` for file archives, and ``.img`` for block
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device images. To create a backup of a block device run the following command:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client backup mydata.img:/dev/mylvm/mydata
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Excluding files/folders from a backup
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes it is desired to exclude certain files or folders from a backup archive.
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To tell the Proxmox Backup client when and how to ignore files and directories,
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place a text file called ``.pxarexclude`` in the filesystem hierarchy.
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Whenever the backup client encounters such a file in a directory, it interprets
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each line as glob match patterns for files and directories that are to be excluded
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from the backup.
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The file must contain a single glob pattern per line. Empty lines are ignored.
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The same is true for lines starting with ``#``, which indicates a comment.
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A ``!`` at the beginning of a line reverses the glob match pattern from an exclusion
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to an explicit inclusion. This makes it possible to exclude all entries in a
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directory except for a few single files/subdirectories.
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Lines ending in ``/`` match only on directories.
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The directory containing the ``.pxarexclude`` file is considered to be the root of
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the given patterns. It is only possible to match files in this directory and its subdirectories.
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``\`` is used to escape special glob characters.
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``?`` matches any single character.
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``*`` matches any character, including an empty string.
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``**`` is used to match subdirectories. It can be used to, for example, exclude
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all files ending in ``.tmp`` within the directory or subdirectories with the
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following pattern ``**/*.tmp``.
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``[...]`` matches a single character from any of the provided characters within
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the brackets. ``[!...]`` does the complementary and matches any single character
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not contained within the brackets. It is also possible to specify ranges with two
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characters separated by ``-``. For example, ``[a-z]`` matches any lowercase
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alphabetic character and ``[0-9]`` matches any one single digit.
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The order of the glob match patterns defines whether a file is included or
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excluded, that is to say later entries override previous ones.
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This is also true for match patterns encountered deeper down the directory tree,
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which can override a previous exclusion.
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Be aware that excluded directories will **not** be read by the backup client.
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Thus, a ``.pxarexclude`` file in an excluded subdirectory will have no effect.
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``.pxarexclude`` files are treated as regular files and will be included in the
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backup archive.
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For example, consider the following directory structure:
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.. code-block:: console
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# ls -aR folder
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folder/:
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. .. .pxarexclude subfolder0 subfolder1
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folder/subfolder0:
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. .. file0 file1 file2 file3 .pxarexclude
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folder/subfolder1:
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. .. file0 file1 file2 file3
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The different ``.pxarexclude`` files contain the following:
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.. code-block:: console
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# cat folder/.pxarexclude
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/subfolder0/file1
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/subfolder1/*
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!/subfolder1/file2
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.. code-block:: console
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# cat folder/subfolder0/.pxarexclude
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file3
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This would exclude ``file1`` and ``file3`` in ``subfolder0`` and all of
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``subfolder1`` except ``file2``.
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Restoring this backup will result in:
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.. code-block:: console
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ls -aR restored
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restored/:
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. .. .pxarexclude subfolder0 subfolder1
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restored/subfolder0:
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. .. file0 file2 .pxarexclude
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restored/subfolder1:
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. .. file2
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Encryption
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----------
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Proxmox Backup supports client-side encryption with AES-256 in GCM_
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mode. To set this up, you first need to create an encryption key:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client key create my-backup.key
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Encryption Key Password: **************
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The key is password protected by default. If you do not need this
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extra protection, you can also create it without a password:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client key create /path/to/my-backup.key --kdf none
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Having created this key, it is now possible to create an encrypted backup, by
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passing the ``--keyfile`` parameter, with the path to the key file.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client backup etc.pxar:/etc --keyfile /path/to/my-backup.key
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Password: *********
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Encryption Key Password: **************
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...
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.. Note:: If you do not specify the name of the backup key, the key will be
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created in the default location
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``~/.config/proxmox-backup/encryption-key.json``. ``proxmox-backup-client``
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will also search this location by default, in case the ``--keyfile``
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parameter is not specified.
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You can avoid entering the passwords by setting the environment
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variables ``PBS_PASSWORD`` and ``PBS_ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD``.
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Using a master key to store and recover encryption keys
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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You can also use ``proxmox-backup-client key`` to create an RSA public/private
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key pair, which can be used to store an encrypted version of the symmetric
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backup encryption key alongside each backup and recover it later.
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To set up a master key:
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1. Create an encryption key for the backup:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client key create
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creating default key at: "~/.config/proxmox-backup/encryption-key.json"
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Encryption Key Password: **********
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...
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The resulting file will be saved to ``~/.config/proxmox-backup/encryption-key.json``.
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2. Create an RSA public/private key pair:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client key create-master-key
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Master Key Password: *********
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...
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This will create two files in your current directory, ``master-public.pem``
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and ``master-private.pem``.
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3. Import the newly created ``master-public.pem`` public certificate, so that
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``proxmox-backup-client`` can find and use it upon backup.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client key import-master-pubkey /path/to/master-public.pem
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Imported public master key to "~/.config/proxmox-backup/master-public.pem"
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4. With all these files in place, run a backup job:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client backup etc.pxar:/etc
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The key will be stored in your backup, under the name ``rsa-encrypted.key``.
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.. Note:: The ``--keyfile`` parameter can be excluded, if the encryption key
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is in the default path. If you specified another path upon creation, you
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must pass the ``--keyfile`` parameter.
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5. To test that everything worked, you can restore the key from the backup:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client restore /path/to/backup/ rsa-encrypted.key /path/to/target
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.. Note:: You should not need an encryption key to extract this file. However, if
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a key exists at the default location
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(``~/.config/proxmox-backup/encryption-key.json``) the program will prompt
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you for an encryption key password. Simply moving ``encryption-key.json``
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out of this directory will fix this issue.
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6. Then, use the previously generated master key to decrypt the file:
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.. code-block:: console
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# openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey master-private.pem -in rsa-encrypted.key -out /path/to/target
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Enter pass phrase for ./master-private.pem: *********
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7. The target file will now contain the encryption key information in plain
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text. The success of this can be confirmed by passing the resulting ``json``
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file, with the ``--keyfile`` parameter, when decrypting files from the backup.
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.. warning:: Without their key, backed up files will be inaccessible. Thus, you should
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keep keys ordered and in a place that is separate from the contents being
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backed up. It can happen, for example, that you back up an entire system, using
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a key on that system. If the system then becomes inaccessable for any reason
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and needs to be restored, this will not be possible as the encryption key will be
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lost along with the broken system. In preparation for the worst case scenario,
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you should consider keeping a paper copy of this key locked away in
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a safe place.
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Restoring Data
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--------------
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The regular creation of backups is a necessary step to avoiding data
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loss. More importantly, however, is the restoration. It is good practice to perform
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periodic recovery tests to ensure that you can access the data in
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case of problems.
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First, you need to find the snapshot which you want to restore. The snapshot
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command provides a list of all the snapshots on the server:
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client snapshots
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┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ snapshot │ size │ files │
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╞════════════════════════════════╪═════════════╪════════════════════════════════════╡
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│ host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:30:15Z │ 51788646825 │ root.pxar catalog.pcat1 index.json │
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├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z │ 51790622048 │ root.pxar catalog.pcat1 index.json │
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├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
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...
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You can inspect the catalog to find specific files.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client catalog dump host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z
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...
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d "./root.pxar.didx/etc/cifs-utils"
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l "./root.pxar.didx/etc/cifs-utils/idmap-plugin"
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d "./root.pxar.didx/etc/console-setup"
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...
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The restore command lets you restore a single archive from the
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backup.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client restore host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z root.pxar /target/path/
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To get the contents of any archive, you can restore the ``index.json`` file in the
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repository to the target path '-'. This will dump the contents to the standard output.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client restore host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z index.json -
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Interactive Restores
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If you only want to restore a few individual files, it is often easier
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to use the interactive recovery shell.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client catalog shell host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z root.pxar
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Starting interactive shell
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pxar:/ > ls
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bin boot dev etc home lib lib32
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...
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The interactive recovery shell is a minimalistic command line interface that
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utilizes the metadata stored in the catalog to quickly list, navigate and
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search files in a file archive.
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To restore files, you can select them individually or match them with a glob
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pattern.
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Using the catalog for navigation reduces the overhead considerably because only
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the catalog needs to be downloaded and, optionally, decrypted.
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The actual chunks are only accessed if the metadata in the catalog is not enough
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or for the actual restore.
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Similar to common UNIX shells ``cd`` and ``ls`` are the commands used to change
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working directory and list directory contents in the archive.
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``pwd`` shows the full path of the current working directory with respect to the
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archive root.
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Being able to quickly search the contents of the archive is a commmonly needed feature.
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That's where the catalog is most valuable.
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For example:
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.. code-block:: console
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pxar:/ > find etc/**/*.txt --select
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"/etc/X11/rgb.txt"
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pxar:/ > list-selected
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etc/**/*.txt
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pxar:/ > restore-selected /target/path
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...
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This will find and print all files ending in ``.txt`` located in ``etc/`` or a
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subdirectory and add the corresponding pattern to the list for subsequent restores.
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``list-selected`` shows these patterns and ``restore-selected`` finally restores
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all files in the archive matching the patterns to ``/target/path`` on the local
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host. This will scan the whole archive.
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With ``restore /target/path`` you can restore the sub-archive given by the current
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working directory to the local target path ``/target/path`` on your host.
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By additionally passing a glob pattern with ``--pattern <glob>``, the restore is
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further limited to files matching the pattern.
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For example:
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.. code-block:: console
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pxar:/ > cd /etc/
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pxar:/etc/ > restore /target/ --pattern **/*.conf
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...
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The above will scan trough all the directories below ``/etc`` and restore all
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files ending in ``.conf``.
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.. todo:: Explain interactive restore in more detail
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Mounting of Archives via FUSE
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The :term:`FUSE` implementation for the pxar archive allows you to mount a
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file archive as a read-only filesystem to a mountpoint on your host.
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.. code-block:: console
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# proxmox-backup-client mount host/backup-client/2020-01-29T11:29:22Z root.pxar /mnt/mountpoint
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# ls /mnt/mountpoint
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bin dev home lib32 libx32 media opt root sbin sys usr
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boot etc lib lib64 lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
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This allows you to access the full contents of the archive in a seamless manner.
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.. note:: As the FUSE connection needs to fetch and decrypt chunks from the
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backup server's datastore, this can cause some additional network and CPU
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load on your host, depending on the operations you perform on the mounted
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filesystem.
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To unmount the filesystem use the ``umount`` command on the mountpoint:
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.. code-block:: console
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|
|
|
# umount /mnt/mountpoint
|
|
|
|
Login and Logout
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
The client tool prompts you to enter the logon password as soon as you
|
|
want to access the backup server. The server checks your credentials
|
|
and responds with a ticket that is valid for two hours. The client
|
|
tool automatically stores that ticket and uses it for further requests
|
|
to this server.
|
|
|
|
You can also manually trigger this login/logout using the login and
|
|
logout commands:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client login
|
|
Password: **********
|
|
|
|
To remove the ticket, issue a logout:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client logout
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _backup-pruning:
|
|
|
|
Pruning and Removing Backups
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
You can manually delete a backup snapshot using the ``forget``
|
|
command:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client forget <snapshot>
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. caution:: This command removes all archives in this backup
|
|
snapshot. They will be inaccessible and unrecoverable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Although manual removal is sometimes required, the ``prune``
|
|
command is normally used to systematically delete older backups. Prune lets
|
|
you specify which backup snapshots you want to keep. The
|
|
following retention options are available:
|
|
|
|
``--keep-last <N>``
|
|
Keep the last ``<N>`` backup snapshots.
|
|
|
|
``--keep-hourly <N>``
|
|
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` hours. If there is more than one
|
|
backup for a single hour, only the latest is kept.
|
|
|
|
``--keep-daily <N>``
|
|
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` days. If there is more than one
|
|
backup for a single day, only the latest is kept.
|
|
|
|
``--keep-weekly <N>``
|
|
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` weeks. If there is more than one
|
|
backup for a single week, only the latest is kept.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: Weeks start on Monday and end on Sunday. The software
|
|
uses the `ISO week date`_ system and handles weeks at
|
|
the end of the year correctly.
|
|
|
|
``--keep-monthly <N>``
|
|
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` months. If there is more than one
|
|
backup for a single month, only the latest is kept.
|
|
|
|
``--keep-yearly <N>``
|
|
Keep backups for the last ``<N>`` years. If there is more than one
|
|
backup for a single year, only the latest is kept.
|
|
|
|
The retention options are processed in the order given above. Each option
|
|
only covers backups within its time period. The next option does not take care
|
|
of already covered backups. It will only consider older backups.
|
|
|
|
Unfinished and incomplete backups will be removed by the prune command unless
|
|
they are newer than the last successful backup. In this case, the last failed
|
|
backup is retained.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client prune <group> --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-monthly 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can use the ``--dry-run`` option to test your settings. This only
|
|
shows the list of existing snapshots and what actions prune would take.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client prune host/elsa --dry-run --keep-daily 1 --keep-weekly 3
|
|
┌────────────────────────────────┬──────┐
|
|
│ snapshot │ keep │
|
|
╞════════════════════════════════╪══════╡
|
|
│ host/elsa/2019-12-04T13:20:37Z │ 1 │
|
|
├────────────────────────────────┼──────┤
|
|
│ host/elsa/2019-12-03T09:35:01Z │ 0 │
|
|
├────────────────────────────────┼──────┤
|
|
│ host/elsa/2019-11-22T11:54:47Z │ 1 │
|
|
├────────────────────────────────┼──────┤
|
|
│ host/elsa/2019-11-21T12:36:25Z │ 0 │
|
|
├────────────────────────────────┼──────┤
|
|
│ host/elsa/2019-11-10T10:42:20Z │ 1 │
|
|
└────────────────────────────────┴──────┘
|
|
|
|
.. note:: Neither the ``prune`` command nor the ``forget`` command free space
|
|
in the chunk-store. The chunk-store still contains the data blocks. To free
|
|
space you need to perform :ref:`garbage-collection`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _garbage-collection:
|
|
|
|
Garbage Collection
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
The ``prune`` command removes only the backup index files, not the data
|
|
from the datastore. This task is left to the garbage collection
|
|
command. It is recommended to carry out garbage collection on a regular basis.
|
|
|
|
The garbage collection works in two phases. In the first phase, all
|
|
data blocks that are still in use are marked. In the second phase,
|
|
unused data blocks are removed.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: This command needs to read all existing backup index files
|
|
and touches the complete chunk-store. This can take a long time
|
|
depending on the number of chunks and the speed of the underlying
|
|
disks.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: The garbage collection will only remove chunks that haven't been used
|
|
for at least one day (exactly 24h 5m). This grace period is necessary because
|
|
chunks in use are marked by touching the chunk which updates the ``atime``
|
|
(access time) property. Filesystems are mounted with the ``relatime`` option
|
|
by default. This results in a better performance by only updating the
|
|
``atime`` property if the last access has been at least 24 hours ago. The
|
|
downside is, that touching a chunk within these 24 hours will not always
|
|
update its ``atime`` property.
|
|
|
|
Chunks in the grace period will be logged at the end of the garbage
|
|
collection task as *Pending removals*.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client garbage-collect
|
|
starting garbage collection on store store2
|
|
Start GC phase1 (mark used chunks)
|
|
Start GC phase2 (sweep unused chunks)
|
|
percentage done: 1, chunk count: 219
|
|
percentage done: 2, chunk count: 453
|
|
...
|
|
percentage done: 99, chunk count: 21188
|
|
Removed bytes: 411368505
|
|
Removed chunks: 203
|
|
Original data bytes: 327160886391
|
|
Disk bytes: 52767414743 (16 %)
|
|
Disk chunks: 21221
|
|
Average chunk size: 2486565
|
|
TASK OK
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. todo:: howto run garbage-collection at regular intervalls (cron)
|
|
|
|
Benchmarking
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
The backup client also comes with a benchmarking tool. This tool measures
|
|
various metrics relating to compression and encryption speeds. You can run a
|
|
benchmark using the ``benchmark`` subcommand of ``proxmox-backup-client``:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: console
|
|
|
|
# proxmox-backup-client benchmark
|
|
Uploaded 656 chunks in 5 seconds.
|
|
Time per request: 7659 microseconds.
|
|
TLS speed: 547.60 MB/s
|
|
SHA256 speed: 585.76 MB/s
|
|
Compression speed: 1923.96 MB/s
|
|
Decompress speed: 7885.24 MB/s
|
|
AES256/GCM speed: 3974.03 MB/s
|
|
┌───────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
|
|
│ Name │ Value │
|
|
╞═══════════════════════════════════╪═════════════════════╡
|
|
│ TLS (maximal backup upload speed) │ 547.60 MB/s (93%) │
|
|
├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
|
|
│ SHA256 checksum computation speed │ 585.76 MB/s (28%) │
|
|
├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
|
|
│ ZStd level 1 compression speed │ 1923.96 MB/s (89%) │
|
|
├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
|
|
│ ZStd level 1 decompression speed │ 7885.24 MB/s (98%) │
|
|
├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
|
|
│ AES256 GCM encryption speed │ 3974.03 MB/s (104%) │
|
|
└───────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
|
|
|
|
.. note:: The percentages given in the output table correspond to a
|
|
comparison against a Ryzen 7 2700X. The TLS test connects to the
|
|
local host, so there is no network involved.
|
|
|
|
You can also pass the ``--output-format`` parameter to output stats in ``json``,
|
|
rather than the default table format.
|
|
|
|
|